Đáp Án Và Giải Thích The Swiffer | IELTS Reading Practice @ dol.vn - Học Tiếng Anh Tư Duy - Nội dung Free

IELTS Reading Practice Test

The Swiffer

For a fascinating tale about creativity, look at a cleaning product called the Swiffer and how it came about, urges writer Jonah Lehrer. In the story of the Swiffer, he argues, we have the key elements in producing breakthrough ideas: frustration, moments of insight and sheer hard work. The story starts with a multinational company which had invented products for keeping homes spotless, and couldn't come up with better ways to clean floors, so it hired designers to watch how people cleaned. Frustrated after hundreds of hours of observation, they one day noticed a woman do with a paper towel what people do all the time: wipe something up and throw it away. An idea popped into lead designer Harry West's head: the solution to their problem was a floor mop with a disposable cleaning surface. Mountains of prototypes and years of teamwork later, they unveiled the Swiffer, which quickly became a commercial success. 
Lehrer, the author of Imagine, a new book that seeks to explain how creativity works, says this study of the imagination started from a desire to understand what happens in the brain at the moment of sudden insight. 'But the book definitely spiraled out of control,' Lehrer says. 'When you talk to creative people, they'll tell you about the 'eureka'* moment, but when you press them they also talk about the hard work that comes afterwards, so I realised I needed to write about that, too. And then I realised I couldn't just look at creativity from the perspective of the brain, because it's also about the culture and context, about the group and the team and the way we collaborate.' 
When it comes to the mysterious process by which inspiration comes into your head as if from nowhere, Lehrer says modern neuroscience has produced a 'first draft' explanation of what is happening in the brain. He writes of how burnt out American singer Bob Dylan decided to walk away from his musical career in 1965 and escape to a cabin in the woods, only to be overcome by a desire to write. Apparently 'Like a Rolling Stone' suddenly flowed from his pen. 'It's like a ghost is writing a song,' Dylan has reportedly said. 'It gives you the song and it goes away.' But it's no ghost, according to Lehrer. 
Instead, the right hemisphere of the brain is assembling connections between past influences and making something entirely new. Neuroscientists have roughly charted this process by mapping the brains of people doing word puzzles solved by making sense of remotely connecting information For instance, subjects are given three words  such as 'age', 'mile' and 'sand'  and asked to come up with a single word that can precede or follow each of them to form a compound word. (It happens to be 'stone'.) Using brain imaging equipment, researchers discovered that when people get the answer in an apparent flash of insight, a small fold of tissue called the anterior superior temporal gyrus suddenly lights up just beforehand. This stays silent when the word puzzle is solved through careful analysis. Lehrer says that this area of the brain lights up only after we've hit the wall on a problem. Then the brain starts hunting through the 'filing cabinets of the right hemisphere' to make the connections that produce the right answer. 
Studies have demonstrated it's possible to predict a moment of insight up to eight seconds before it arrives. The predictive signal is a steady rhythm of alpha waves emanating from the brain's right hemisphere, which are closely associated with relaxing activities. 'When our minds are at ease when those alpha waves are rippling through the brain  we're more likely to direct the spotlight of attention towards that stream of remote associations emanating from the right hemisphere,' Lehrer writes. 'In contrast, when we are diligently focused, our attention tends to be towards the details of the problems we are trying to solve.' In other words, then we are less likely to make those vital associations. So, heading out for a walk or lying down are important phases of the creative process, and smart companies know this. Some now have a policy of encouraging staff to take time out during the day and spend time on things that at first glance are unproductive (like playing a PC game), but daydreaming has been shown to be positively correlated with problem-solving. However, to be more imaginative, says Lehrer, it's also crucial to collaborate with people from a wide range of backgrounds because if colleagues are too socially intimate, creativity is stifled. 
Creativity, it seems, thrives on serendipity. American entrepreneur Steve Jobs believed so. Lehrer describes how at Pixar Animation, Jobs designed the entire workplace to maximise the chance of strangers bumping into each other, striking up conversations and learning from one another. He also points to a study of 766 business graduates who had gone on to own their own companies. Those with the greatest diversity of acquaintances enjoyed far more success. Lehrer says he has taken all this on board, and despite his inherent shyness, when he's sitting next to strangers on a plane or at a conference, forces himself to initiate conversations. As for predictions that the rise of the Internet would make the need for shared working space obsolete, Lehrer says research shows the opposite has occurred; when people meet face-to-face, the level of creativity increases. This is why the kind of place we live in is so important to innovation. According to theoretical physicist Geoffrey West, when corporate institutions get bigger, they often become less receptive to change. Cities, however, allow our ingenuity to grow by pulling huge numbers of different people together, who then exchange ideas. Working from the comfort of our homes may be convenient, therefore, but it seems we need the company of others to achieve our finest 'eureka' moments. 
Glossary: 
Eureka: In ancient Greek, the meaning was ‘I have found!’. Now it can be used when people suddenly find the solution to a difficult problem and want to celebrate

What are we told about the product called a ‘Swifter’?

Its designers had little experience working with household objects.

Once the idea for it was conceived, it did not take long to develop.

It achieved profits beyond the manufacturer’s expectations.

Its design was inspired by a common housework habit.

ĐÁP ÁN & GIẢI THÍCH CÂU 1

Locate

Simplify & Connection

Simplify 
1.  The story   starts with a multinational company   which had invented products for keeping homes spotless , and couldn’t come up with better ways to clean floors  ,  so   it   hired designers to watch how people cleaned . 
2.  Frustrated ,  they   noticed a woman wipe something up and throw it away  . 
3.  An idea   popped into the designer's head :  the solution to their problem   was a floor mop with a disposable cleaning surface . 
4.  they   unveiled the Swiffer  
ConnectionCông ty gặp khó khăn trong việc tìm giải pháp làm sạch.
Các nhà thiết kế quan sát một người phụ nữ đang lau dọn.
Họ nảy ra ý tưởng: dụng cụ lau nhà dùng một lần (disposable mop).
Kết quả: họ tạo ra sản phẩm Swiffer.
⇒ Main Idea: The company created the Swiffer after observing a woman’s cleaning method. (Công ty đã tạo ra Swiffer sau khi quan sát cách một người phụ nữ lau dọn. )🧹✨

Giải thích chi tiết

﻿ STEP 1: Đọc câu hỏi để hiểu yêu cầu
﻿ What    are we told about the product    called a ‘Swifter’?   
👉 Câu hỏi yêu cầu chúng ta xác định thông tin đúng được đưa ra trong đoạn văn về sản phẩm Swiffer.
-----------------------
﻿ STEP 2: Xác định vị trí thông tin liên quan
Để trả lời câu hỏi này, chúng ta chỉ cần tìm thông tin liên quan đến Swiffer, nằm trong đoạn đầu tiên của bài đọc.
-------------------
﻿ STEP 3: Áp dụng Linearthinking để hiểu đoạn văn
Simplify 
1.  The story   starts with a multinational company   which had invented products for keeping homes spotless , and couldn’t come up with better ways to clean floors  ,  so   it   hired designers to watch how people cleaned . 
2.  Frustrated ,  they   noticed a woman wipe something up and throw it away  . 
3.  An idea   popped into the designer's head :  the solution to their problem   was a floor mop with a disposable cleaning surface . 
4.  they   unveiled the Swiffer  
ConnectionCông ty gặp khó khăn trong việc tìm giải pháp làm sạch.
Các nhà thiết kế quan sát một người phụ nữ đang lau dọn.
Họ nảy ra ý tưởng: dụng cụ lau nhà dùng một lần (disposable mop).
Kết quả: họ tạo ra sản phẩm Swiffer.
⇒ Main Idea: The company created the Swiffer after observing a woman’s cleaning method. (Công ty đã tạo ra Swiffer sau khi quan sát cách một người phụ nữ lau dọn. )🧹✨
 ------------------ 
﻿STEP 4: So sánh câu hỏi và các lựa chọn
=> Bài đọc: The company created the Swiffer after observing a woman’s cleaning method. ﻿
So sánh với danh sách headings 
=> Đáp án: D. Its design was inspired by a common housework habit. ﻿
Lưu ý: Các câu hỏi trắc nghiệm yêu cầu xác định Main Idea (ý chính) buộc thí sinh phải hiểu được cách các câu liên kết với nhau và tóm tắt nội dung toàn đoạn, chứ không chỉ đơn thuần là đọc lướt/skimming hoặc quét từ khóa/scanning.
Ví dụ: Nếu thí sinh chỉ đọc lướt hoặc quét từ mà không nắm được ý chính, họ có thể chọn nhầm những đáp án như:
B: "Once the idea for it was conceived, it did not take long to develop."
👉 Tại sao lựa chọn này sai:
Một số thí sinh có thể chọn đáp án này vì thấy cụm từ "An idea" ở câu số 3, trông giống với "The idea" trong lựa chọn B. Tuy nhiên, lựa chọn B nói rằng:
“When the idea was conceived (= xuất hiện), it didn’t take long to develop”
→ Điều này hàm ý rằng sản phẩm được phát triển rất nhanh sau khi có ý tưởng.
Nhưng đoạn văn lại viết:
“Mountains of prototypes and years of teamwork later, they unveiled the Swiffer,”
→ Nghĩa là: "Sau nhiều năm làm việc nhóm và vô số nguyên mẫu, họ mới ra mắt Swiffer",
tức là mất nhiều thời gian, không phải phát triển nhanh như lựa chọn B gợi ý.
❌ Vì vậy, B là đáp án sai.
A: "Its designers had little experience working with household objects."
❌ Sai vì:
Đoạn văn nói rằng Swiffer được phát triển bởi một tập đoàn đa quốc gia đã từng sáng chế các sản phẩm giữ nhà cửa sạch sẽ, điều này ngụ ý rằng các nhà thiết kế có kinh nghiệm trong việc tạo ra sản phẩm liên quan đến công việc nội trợ. Không có chỗ nào trong đoạn nói rằng họ thiếu kinh nghiệm.
C: "It achieved profits beyond the manufacturer’s expectations."
❌ Sai vì:
Đoạn văn chỉ mô tả Swiffer là một "commercial success" (thành công về mặt thương mại), nghĩa là bán chạy và được thị trường đón nhận. Tuy nhiên, đoạn văn không hề đề cập việc lợi nhuận vượt kỳ vọng. Nếu đoạn có nói rõ kiểu như "doanh số vượt xa dự đoán của công ty", thì lựa chọn này mới đúng. Nhưng không có thông tin như vậy trong bài.

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