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IELTS Reading Practice Test - Trees In Trouble

Trees In Trouble

What is causing the decline of the world’s giant forests?

A
A. Big trees are incredibly important ecologically. For a start, they sustain countless other species. They provide shelter for many animals, and their trunks and branches can become gardens, hung with green ferns, orchids and bromeliads, coated with mosses and draped with vines. With their tall canopies* basking in the sun, they capture vast amounts of energy. This allows them to produce massive crops of fruit, flowers and foliage that sustain much of the animal life in the forest.
B
B. Only a small number of tree species have the genetic capacity to grow really big. The mightiest are native to North America, but big trees grow all over the globe, from the tropics to the boreal forests of the high latitudes. To achieve giant stature, a tree needs three things: the right place to establish its seedling, good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult mortality*. Disrupt any of these, and you can lose your biggest trees.
C
C. In some parts of the world, populations of big trees are dwindling because their seedlings cannot survive or grow. In southern India, for instance, an aggressive nonnative shrub, Lantana camara, is invading the floor of many forests. Lantana grows so thickly that young trees often fail to take root. With no young trees to replace them, it is only a matter of time before most of the big trees disappear. Across much of northern Australia, Gamba grass from Africa is overrunning native savannah woodlands. The grass grows up to four metres tall and burns fiercely, creating super hot fires that cause catastrophic tree mortality. 
D
D. Without the right growing conditions trees cannot get really big, and there is some evidence to suggest tree growth could slow down in a warmer world, particularly in environments that are already warm. Having worked for decades at La Selva Biological Station in Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica, David and Deborah Clark and colleagues have shown that tree growth there declines markedly in warmer years. “During the day, their photosynthesis* shuts down when it gets too warm, and at night they consume more energy because their metabolic rate increases, much as a reptile’s would when it gets warmer,” explains David Clark. With less energy produced in warmer years and more being consumed just to survive, there is even less energy available for growth.
E
E. The Clarks’ hypothesis, if correct, means tropical forests would shrink over time. The largest, oldest trees would progressively die off and tend not to be replaced. According to the Clarks, this might trigger a destabilisation of the climate; as older trees die, forests would release some of their stored carbon into the atmosphere, prompting a vicious cycle of further warming, forest shrinkage and carbon emissions. 
F
F. Big trees face threats from elsewhere. The most serious is increasing mortality, especially of mature trees. Across much of the planet, forests of slow growing ancient trees have been cleared for human use. In western North America, most have been replaced by monocultures of fast growing conifers. Siberia’s forests are being logged at an incredible rate. Logging in tropical forests is selective but the timber cutters usually prioritise the biggest and oldest trees. In the Amazon, my colleagues and I found the mortality rate for the biggest trees had tripled in small patches of rainforest surrounded by pasture land. This happens for two reasons. First, as they grow taller, big trees become thicker and less flexible: when winds blow across the surrounding cleared land, there is nothing to stop their acceleration. When they hit the trees, the impact can snap them in half. Second, rainforest fragments dry out when surrounded by dry, hot pastures and the resulting drought can have devastating consequences: one four-year study has shown that death rates will double for smaller trees but will increase 4.5 times for bigger trees.
G
G. Particular enemies to large trees are insects and disease. Across vast areas of western North America, increasingly mild winters are causing massive outbreaks of bark beetle. These tiny creatures can kill entire forests as they tunnel their way through the inside of trees. In both North America and Europe, fungus causing diseases such as Dutch elm disease have killed off millions of stately trees that once gave beauty to forests and cities. As a result of human activity, such enemies reach even the remotest corners of the world, threatening to make the ancient giants a thing of the past. Glossary: a canopy: leaves and branches that form a cover high above the ground mortality: the number of deaths within a particular group photosynthesis: a process used by plants to convert the light energy from the sun into chemical energy that can be used as food.

Paragraph A

How wildlife benefits from big trees

Paragraph B

Factors that enable trees to grow to significant heights

Paragraph C

How other plants can cause harm

Paragraph D

How higher temperatures slow the rate of tree growth

Paragraph E

Impact of big tree loss on the wider environment

Paragraph F

How deforestation harms isolated trees

Paragraph G

Risk from pests and infection

List of Heading

How deforestation harms isolated trees

How other plants can cause harm

Which big trees support the most diverse species

Impact of big tree loss on the wider environment

Measures to prevent further decline in big tree populations

How wildlife benefits from big trees

Risk from pests and infection

Ways in which industry uses big tree products

How higher temperatures slow the rate of tree growth

Factors that enable trees to grow to significant heights

Paragraph A

How wildlife benefits from big trees

List of Heading

How deforestation harms isolated trees

How other plants can cause harm

Which big trees support the most diverse species

Impact of big tree loss on the wider environment

Measures to prevent further decline in big tree populations

How wildlife benefits from big trees

Risk from pests and infection

Ways in which industry uses big tree products

How higher temperatures slow the rate of tree growth

Factors that enable trees to grow to significant heights

GIẢI THÍCH CÂU 1

Định vị

Simplify & Connection

Simplify

(1) Big trees are incredibly important ecologically . (2) For a start , they sustain countless other species.

(3) They provide shelter for many animals , and their trunks and branches can become gardens, hung with green ferns, orchids, and bromeliads, coated with mosses and draped with vines (4) With their tall canopies basking in the sun, they capture vast amounts of energy. (5) This allows them to produce massive crops of fruit , flowers, and foliage that sustain much of the animal life in the forest.

Connection

Câu (1) giới thiệu ý chính (cây lớn rất quan trọng). Câu (2)–(3) giải thích thêm về cách cây hỗ trợ các loài khác. Câu (4)–(5) giải thích lý do tại sao chiều cao của chúng quan trọng — chúng thu thập ánh sáng mặt trời để tạo ra thức ăn cho hệ sinh thái.

=> Main idea: Big trees are vital for ecosystems because they provide shelter, support plant growth, and produce food for many species.

(Cây lớn rất quan trọng đối với các hệ sinh thái vì chúng cung cấp nơi trú ẩn, hỗ trợ sự phát triển của thực vật, và tạo ra thức ăn cho nhiều loài.)

Giải thích chi tiết

Skimming/ scanning Nếu thí sinh chỉ sử dụng phương pháp skimming/scanning để tìm từ khóa phù hợp giữa đoạn văn và danh sách các tiêu đề, họ có thể sẽ chọn các tiêu đề như: iii. Which big trees support the most diverse species 🌳 Thí sinh có thể bị lôi cuốn chọn tiêu đề này vì cụm từ "big trees" xuất hiện ngay đầu đoạn văn. Thêm vào đó, từ "species" cũng được lặp lại trong câu thứ hai. ➡️ Tuy nhiên, câu trả lời này không thể chọn được vì tiêu đề iii có nghĩa là "Loại cây lớn nào hỗ trợ nhiều loài nhất." Trong khi đó, đoạn văn đề cập đến cây lớn nói chung chứ không phải so sánh các loại cây khác nhau để xác định cây nào hỗ trợ nhiều loài nhất.

Áp dụng Linearthinking để hiểu thông tin trong đoạn văn:

=> Main idea: Big trees are vital for ecosystems because they provide shelter, support plant growth, and produce food for many species. (Cây lớn rất quan trọng đối với các hệ sinh thái vì chúng cung cấp nơi trú ẩn, hỗ trợ sự phát triển của thực vật, và tạo ra thức ăn cho nhiều loài. 🌱)

So với danh sách tiêu đề: => Tiêu đề chính xác: vi. How wildlife benefits from big trees

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