Đáp án và giải thích Manatees Cambridge IELTS 20 Reading Test 2 Passage 1

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IELTS Reading Practice Test - Manatees

Manatees

Manatees, also known as sea cows, are aquatic mammals that belong to a group of animals called Sirenia. This group also contains dugongs. Dugongs and manatees look quite alike - they are similar in size, colour and shape, and both have flexible flippers for forelimbs. However, the manatee has a broad, rounded tail, whereas the dugong's is fluked, like that of a whale. There are three species of manatees: the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), the African manatee (Trichechus senegalensis) and the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis).
Unlike most mammals, manatees have only six bones in their neck - most others, including humans and giraffes, have seven. This short neck allows a manatee to move its head up and down, but not side to side. To see something on its left or its right, a manatee must turn its entire body, steering with its flippers. Manatees have pectoral flippers but no back limbs, only a tail for propulsion. They do have pelvic bones, however - a leftover from their evolution from a four-legged to a fully aquatic animal. Manatees share some visual similarities to elephants. Like elephants, manatees have thick, wrinkled skin. They also have some hairs covering their bodies which help them sense vibrations in the water around them.
Seagrasses and other marine plants make up most of a manatee's diet. Manatees spend about eight hours each day grazing and uprooting plants. They eat up to 15% of their weight in food each day. African manatees are omnivorous - studies have shown that molluscs and fish make up a small part of their diets. West Indian and Amazonian manatees are both herbivores.
Manatees' teeth are all molars - flat, rounded teeth for grinding food. Due to manatees' abrasive aquatic plant diet, these teeth get worn down and they eventually fall out, so they continually grow new teeth that get pushed forward to replace the ones they lose. Instead of having incisors to grasp their food, manatees have lips which function like a pair of hands to help tear food away from the seafloor.
Manatees are fully aquatic, but as mammals, they need to come up to the surface to breathe. When awake, they typically surface every two to four minutes, but they can hold their breath for much longer. Adult manatees sleep underwater for 10-12 hours a day, but they come up for air every 15-20 minutes. Active manatees need to breathe more frequently. It's thought that manatees use their muscular diaphragm and breathing to adjust their buoyancy. They may use diaphragm contractions to compress and store gas in folds in their large intestine to help them float.
The West Indian manatee reaches about 3.5 metres long and weighs on average around 500 kilogrammes. It moves between fresh water and salt water, taking advantage of coastal mangroves and coral reefs, rivers, lakes and inland lagoons. There are two subspecies of West Indian manatee: the Antillean manatee is found in waters from the Bahamas to Brazil, whereas the Florida manatee is found in US waters, although some individuals have been recorded in the Bahamas. In winter, the Florida manatee is typically restricted to Florida. When the ambient water temperature drops below 20°C, it takes refuge in naturally and artificially warmed water, such as at the warm-water outfalls from powerplants.
The African manatee is also about 3.5 metres long and found in the sea along the west coast of Africa, from Mauritania down to Angola. The species also makes use of rivers, with the mammals seen in landlocked countries such as Mali and Niger.
The Amazonian manatee is the smallest species, though it is still a big animal. It grows to about 2.5 metres long and 350 kilogrammes. Amazonian manatees favour calm, shallow waters that are above 23°C. This species is found in fresh water in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, as well as in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
All three manatee species are endangered or at a heightened risk of extinction. The African manatee and Amazonian manatee are both listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is estimated that 140,000. Amazonian manatees were killed between 1935 and 1954 for their meat, fat and skin, with the latter used to make leather. In more recent years, African manatee decline has been tied to incidental capture in fishing nets and hunting. Manatee hunting is now illegal in every country the African species is found in.
The two subspecies of West Indian manatee are listed as Endangered by the IUCN. Both are also expected to undergo a decline of 20% over the next 40 years. A review of almost 1,800 cases of entanglement in fishing nets and of plastic consumption among marine mammals in US waters from 2009 to 2020 found that at least 700 cases involved manatees. The chief cause of death in Florida manatees is boat strikes. However, laws in certain parts of Florida now limit boat speeds during winter, allowing slow-moving manatees more time to respond.

Manatees

Appearance
• look similar to dugongs, but with a differently shaped ﻿﻿
Movement
• have fewer neck bones than most mammals
• need to use their ﻿ to help to turn their bodies around in order to look sideways
• sense vibrations in the water by means of ﻿  on their skin
Feeding
• eat mainly aquatic vegetation, such as ﻿﻿
• grasp and pull up plants with their ﻿﻿
Breathing
• come to the surface for air every 2-4 minutes when awake and every 15-20 while sleeping
• may regulate the ﻿ of their bodies by using muscles of diaphragm to store air internally

GIẢI THÍCH CÂU 1

Định vị

Paraphrasing

Câu hỏi: Appearance: look similar to dugongs, but with a differently shaped ___________ So sánh với bài đọc: look similar to = look quite alike = are similar in

differently shaped ______ = broad, rounded tail >< fluked tail

Giải thích chi tiết

🧠 Ứng dụng Linearthinking để giải quyết dạng bài Gap Fill

Step 01: Read the question to understand (main idea + detail) + Predict Word Form + Meaning Simplified: manatees look similar to dugongs but with a differently shaped ___________

Main idea: manatees = dugongs (hình dạng) >< hình dáng khác biệt ở một bộ phận

Prediction:

Từ loại: danh từ (bộ phận cơ thể)
Ý nghĩa: một phần trên cơ thể có hình dạng khác → head, nose, tail...

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Step 02: Locate relevant information 📌 Từ khoá: dugongs, manatees, look similar, different

Trích từ bài đọc:

Dugongs and manatees look quite alike – they are similar in size, colour and shape, and both have flexible flippers for forelimbs. However, the manatee has a broad, rounded tail, whereas the dugong’s is fluked, like that of a whale.

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Step 03: Read relevant information to understand (main + detail) Simplified:

Dugongs and manatees look quite alike manatee has a rounded tail >< However, dugong's tail is fluked - like that of a whale

Main idea: Manatee và dugong giống nhau, nhưng đuôi khác nhau.

Lợn biển có đuôi tròn >< Tuy nhiên, đuôi của bò biển (dugong) lại có dạng vây, giống như đuôi cá voi.

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Step 04: Compare meaning with meaning

Trong bài đọc: Manatees và dugongs nhìn khá giống nhau, nhưng đuôi của chúng có hình dạng khác → manatee: rounded tail | dugong: fluked tail
Trong câu hỏi: look similar to dugongs, but with a differently shaped _______

⇒ “tail” là phần cơ thể có hình dạng khác biệt → khớp hoàn toàn với câu hỏi

✅ Chọn: tail

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