A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato IELTS Reading Answers with Explanation

Luyện tập đề IELTS Reading Practice với passage A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato được lấy từ cuốn sách IELTS Cambridge IELTS Practice Test 17 - Test 2 - Passage 2 với trải nghiệm thi IELTS trên máy và giải thích đáp án chi tiết bằng Linearthinking, kèm list từ vựng IELTS cần học trong bài đọc.

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A Second Attempt At Domesticating The Tomato IELTS Reading Answers with Explanation

📖 Bài đọc (reading passage)

A second attempt at domesticating the tomato
A
A. It took at least 3,000 years for humans to learn how to domesticate the wild tomato and cultivate it for food. Now two separate teams in Brazil and China have done it all over again in less than three years. And they have done it better in some ways, as the re-domesticated tomatoes are more nutritious than the ones we eat at present.

This approach relies on the revolutionary CRISPR genome editing technique, in which changes are deliberately made to the DNA of a living cell, allowing genetic material to be added, removed or altered. The technique could not only improve existing crops, but could also be used to turn thousands of wild plants into useful and appealing foods. In fact, a third team in the US has already begun to do this with a relative of the tomato called the groundcherry.

This fast-track domestication could help make the world's food supply healthier and far more resistant to diseases, such as the rust fungus devastating wheat crops.

‘This could transform what we eat,’ says Jorg Kudla at the University of Munster in Germany, a member of the Brazilian team. ‘There are 50,000 edible plants in the world, but 90 percent of our energy comes from just 15 crops.’

‘We can now mimic the known domestication course of major crops like rice, maize, sorghum or others,’ says Caixia Gao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. ‘Then we might try to domesticate plants that have never been domesticated.’
B
B. Wild tomatoes, which are native to the Andes region in South America, produce pea-sized fruits. Over many generations, peoples such as the Aztecs and Incas transformed the plant by selecting and breeding plants with mutations in their genetic structure, which resulted in desirable traits such as larger fruit.

But every time a single plant with a mutation is taken from a larger population for breeding, much genetic diversity is lost. And sometimes the desirable mutations come with less desirable traits. For instance, the tomato strains grown for supermarkets have lost much of their flavour.

By comparing the genomes of modern plants to those of their wild relatives, biologists have been working out what genetic changes occurred as plants were domesticated. The teams in Brazil and China have now used this knowledge to reintroduce these changes from scratch while maintaining or even enhancing the desirable traits of wild strains.
C
C. Kudla's team made six changes altogether. For instance, they tripled the size of fruit by editing a gene called FRUIT WEIGHT, and increased the number of tomatoes per truss by editing another called MULTIFLORA.

While the historical domestication of tomatoes reduced levels of the red pigment lycopene - thought to have potential health benefits - the team in Brazil managed to boost it instead. The wild tomato has twice as much lycopene as cultivated ones; the newly domesticated one has five times as much.

'They are quite tasty,' says Kudla. A little bit strong. And very aromatic.'

The team in China re-domesticated several strains of wild tomatoes with desirable traits lost in domesticated tomatoes. In this way they managed to create a strain resistant to a common disease called bacterial spot race, which can devastate yields. They also created another strain that is more salt tolerant - and has higher levels of vitamin C.
D
D. Meanwhile, Joyce Van Eck at the Boyce Thompson Institute in New York state decided to use the same approach to domesticate the groundcherry or goldenberry (Physalis pruinosa) for the first time. This fruit looks similar to the closely related Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana).

Groundcherries are already sold to a limited extent in the US but they are hard to produce because the plant has a sprawling growth habit and the small fruits fall off the branches when ripe. Van Eck's team has edited the plants to increase fruit size, make their growth more compact and to stop fruits dropping. There's potential for this to be a commercial crop,' says Van Eck. But she adds that taking the work further would be expensive because of the need to pay for a licence for the CRISPR technology and get regulatory approval.
E
E. This approach could boost the use of many obscure plants, says Jonathan Jones of the Sainsbury Lab in the UK. But it will be hard for new foods to grow so popular with farmers and consumers that they become new staple crops, he thinks.

The three teams already have their eye on other plants that could be 'catapulted into the mainstream', including foxtail, oat-grass and cowpea. By choosing wild plants that are drought or heat tolerant, says Gao, we could create crops that will thrive even as the planet warms.

But Kudla didn't want to reveal which species were in his team's sights, because CRISPR has made the process so easy. ‘Any one with the right skills could go to their lab and do this.’

❓ Câu hỏi (questions)

a reference to a type of tomato that can resist a dangerous infection

an explanation of how problems can arise from focusing only on a certain type of tomato plant.

a number of examples of plants that are not cultivated at present but could be useful as food sources

a comparison between the early domestication of the tomato and more recent research

a personal reaction to the flavour of a tomato that has been genetically edited

List of Findings

Jorg Kudla

Caixia Gao

Joyce Van Eck

Jonathan Jones

Domestication of certain plants could allow them to adapt to future environmental challenges.

The idea of growing and eating unusual plants may not be accepted on a large scale.

It is not advisable for the future direction of certain research to be made public.

Present efforts to domesticate one wild fruit are limited by the costs involved.

Humans only make use of a small proportion of the plant food available on Earth.

﻿

An undesirable trait such as loss of
            
 …..
 may be caused by a mutation in a tomato gene.

﻿

By modifying one gene in a tomato plant, researchers made the tomato three times its original
            
 …..
﻿

﻿

A type of tomato which was not badly affected by 
            
﻿
 , and was rich in vitamin C, was produced by a team of researchers in China.

🔥 Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)

Giải thích chi tiết

☺️ Ứng dụng Linearthinking để giải quyết dạng bài Matching Information

📌 Dạng Matching Information chúng ta nên làm cuối cùng, sau khi đã làm các dạng câu hỏi khác nhé DOLBIES, bởi vì lúc này mình đã đọc và hiểu nội dung của bài rồi → sẽ nhanh chóng tìm được vị trí đáp án hơn!!

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Step 01: Read the question to understand (main idea + detail)

Simplified: Reference – a type of tomato that can resist a dangerous infection – ?
Main idea: Tìm đoạn văn chứa Specific information mô tả một loại cà chua có khả năng chống lại bệnh nguy hiểm.
Prediction: Thông tin này có thể được cụ thể hoá thành tên giống cà chua mới có khả năng kháng lại một loại bệnh nguy hiểm nào đó.

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Step 02: Locate relevant information

🔍 Từ khoá: " a type of tomato", "resist ", "a dangerous infection"

--> Dựa vào các từ khóa trên --> Ta tìm được thông tin ở đoạn C

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Step 03: Read relevant information to understand (main + detail)

📌 Trích dẫn: "they managed to create a strain resistant to a common disease called bacterial spot race, which can devastate yields." (Đoạn C)

Simplified: They (the team in China) managed to create a strain resistant to a common disease called bacterial spot race
Main idea: Nhóm nghiên cứu tạo ra một chủng cà chua có khả năng kháng lại một loại bệnh gọi là bệnh đốm vi khuẩn gây thiệt hại lớn cho sản lượng.

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Step 04: Compare meaning with meaning

Reading: Đoạn văn mô tả việc nhóm nghiên cứu ở Trung Quốc tạo ra giống cà chua có khả năng kháng lại bệnh đốm vi khuẩn gây thiệt hại lớn cho sản lượng.
Question: Câu hỏi yêu cầu tìm đoạn chứa thông tin về một loại cà chua có thể chống lại sự nhiễm bệnh nguy hiểm.

=> Conclusion: Đoạn văn này có meaning trùng khớp.

✅ Chọn PARAGRAPH C

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Lưu ý quan trọng:

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